![]() In order to evaluate which type of coping is beneficial for cardiac patients' adjustment, it is important to note that the term ‘coping’ refers to all efforts to deal with a stressful encounter, independent of their effectiveness ( Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Coping in this situational approach is defined as “constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person.” ( Lazarus and Folkman, 1984: p. According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984), the way a person appraises situations determines both stress reactions and coping efforts. Psychological stress is defined as “a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being” ( Lazarus and Folkman, 1984: p. Stress and coping in the context of cardiac disease are typically conceptualized according to the transactional stress and coping theory by Lazarus and Folkman (1984). Heike Spaderna, Susan Hellwig, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015 Definitions of Stress and Coping in Cardiac Disease Notably, stress refers to a wide range of adverse stimuli (physical or mental) that may disrupt the normal functioning of an individual and elicit significant physiological and/or psychological responses. In the years since these early conceptualizations and definitions of stress, psychological responses to stress remain recognized as pertinent to understanding the nature of stress. However, over time, the third stage, Exhaustion, may take place, in which due to prolonged suppression of the immune system, the body is no longer able to handle the stress and begins to break down. In the second stage, Resistance, the individual acclimated to the stressful situation allowing the individual to adapt to stressful conditions. In the process, immune functioning, the digestive system, and other responses could be suppressed, leaving the individual more vulnerable to illness and other negative outcomes. The first stage is the Alarm Stage which is an immediate physiological response to stress that prepared the body to channel resources to immediate muscular needs. Selye described three stages of a General Adaptation Syndrome to explain how stress affected physical health. ![]() In an influential article in 1936, Hans Selye used the term stress to refer to any demand made upon the body however he focused specifically on the physiological reactions to such demands. ![]() In the early 1930s, the biopsychologist Walter Cannon used the term stress to describe challenges and disturbances to homeostasis, that is, the ability for an individual to maintain internal equilibrium by making adjustments to physiological processes. ![]() The study of physiological responses of stress and coping has a distinguished and long history. Kouros, in Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, 2008 Historical Perspective on Stress and CopingĮarly views of stress and coping focused primarily on a person’s physiological response to stress. ![]()
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